The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Vol. 3

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This comprehensive encyclopedia serves as a unique reference for institutions, religion, politics, and culture in Muslim societies globally, with a focus on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It features over 750 articles across four volumes, covering Muslims in the Arab heartland, South and Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Americas. The Encyclopedia provides extensive comparative and systematic analyses of Islamic beliefs, institutions, movements, practices, and peoples on an international scale. Articles are alphabetically arranged, varying from brief 500-word essays to in-depth treatments of topics such as the Islamic state, pilgrimage, law, marriage, and foreign relations. Related entries address social and political movements, women, Muslim minorities, human rights, Islam in the West, and interreligious affairs. Influential figures in Islam, including Muhammad, Aga Khan, Malcolm X, Muhammad Iqbal, 'Ali Shari 'ati, Ayatollah Khomeini, and Hasan al-Turabi, are also explored. This multidisciplinary work reflects contemporary scholarship in Islamic studies, examining the interrelationship of religion, politics, and culture in Muslim societies. Its unique focus makes it an invaluable resource for scholars, students, government and media analysts, and anyone interested in understanding Islamic politics and culture.