Edward Graham Book order (chronological)

As border barriers have diminished, private barriers to competition have become increasingly significant, leading to more international trade disputes involving business practices that hinder market access for rival firms. High-profile conflicts have arisen between nations, particularly in sectors like semiconductors, aerospace, and telecommunications, where privatization is reshaping traditional state-controlled markets. The regulation of these restrictive practices falls under competition (or antitrust) policy. The authors explore national competition policies and their implications for international trade and investment, offering recommendations for establishing minimum standards in competition measures that impact foreign firms' market access. These standards could be negotiated bilaterally, regionally, or globally through the World Trade Organization. At the international level, governments might pursue initial steps toward enhanced "national treatment" for foreign-controlled firms, the abolition of most international cartels, and the creation of mandatory consultation procedures when one nation believes that another's business practices obstruct exports or investments. Additionally, premerger notification requirements for cross-border mergers could be established, with further measures considered for future implementation.