Did Freud present a scientific hypothesis about the unconscious, as he claimed? This question has sparked debates about the legitimacy of psychoanalysis, particularly among Lacanian analysts who emphasize Freud's scientific basis. Jacques Bouveresse, an authority on Ludwig Wittgenstein, contributes to this discussion by examining the early issues surrounding psychoanalysis through Wittgenstein's perspective. Wittgenstein, who critiqued traditional philosophy, thoughtfully considered Freud's assertion of a scientific theory regarding the human psyche. Bouveresse highlights that psychoanalysis aims not just for intellectual change but seeks to provoke authentic shifts in human attitudes. Wittgenstein appreciated the theory of the unconscious for moving beyond scientific explanations, offering new ways of thinking and speaking—a new mythology. Bouveresse critically analyzes all texts where Wittgenstein mentions Freud, immersing readers in the intellectual climate of early 20th-century Vienna. While Wittgenstein did not regard psychoanalysis as a proper science, he expressed wonder and respect for Freud's cultural contributions in addressing human concerns. This exploration of Wittgenstein's engagement with the theory of the unconscious also reflects his questioning of the authority of science and philosophy. Bouveresse's work serves as a challenge to the Lacanian psychoanalytic school and offers a provocative commentary on cultur
