Early nomadic shelters, such as caves, animal skin tents, and igloos, provided protection from the elements and predators, serving primarily survival needs. These temporary structures were located near water sources, with health and comfort not yet prioritized. As civilization advanced, housing became more permanent, focusing on well-being. In contrast to industrialized nations with modern sanitation, many developing countries lack basic facilities, leading to waterborne diseases that could be prevented with safe water and sanitation. A safe and healthy home remains a fundamental need globally, regardless of culture or socioeconomic status. In the tropics, diverse house designs reflect centuries of local experience, customs, and resource availability, influencing indoor climate and occupant comfort, which in turn affects exposure to infectious diseases. The authors examine architectural designs of rural houses in Thailand, the Philippines, The Gambia, and Tanzania, analyzing how these designs impact indoor climate and health risks, particularly regarding mosquito-borne diseases like malaria. They propose modifications to enhance comfort while reducing health risks, drawing on their deep understanding of local building styles. The authors, Jakob Knudsen, an architect focused on sustainability, and Lorenz von Seidlein, a physician with extensive international experience, contribute their expertise to this critical exploration
