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Nanotechnology is the field of study of materials at nanoscale. It involves the production, manipulation, and use of materials ranging in size from less than one micron to that of individual atoms from not only chemical approaches but also biological materials. Silver, Copper and Zinc nanoparticles were successfully synthesised from Silver nitrate, Copper sulphate and Zinc sulphate respectively through a simple green and natural route using latex of 5 different plant taxa. Nanoparticle formation was proved by UV-vis spectroscopy. The antimicrobial well diffusion method used was give information about the antibacterial activity of latex nanoparticles towards 5 different bacterial species by measuring the zone of inhibition. The use of two dilutions of latex solution was used for the comparative study of zone of inhibition. As nanoparticles have great application in medical world like gene therapy, cancer therapy, drug delivery, etc. So medical world also accept the plant world for nanoparticle synthesis and mainly welcome the angiosperms for their potentiality of synthesis of non-polluted, environmentally acceptable, safety for human health nanoparticles.

A bioprocess is any process that uses complete living cells or their components to obtain desired products. Production of a commercially useful chemical or fuel by a biological process, such as microbial fermentation or degradation. This book is divided into four modules. Module 1 deals with Bioprocess and Chemical process, Introduction to Industrial Biotechnology (IBT) or Bioprocess technology (BPT), Microbial growth, nutrition and kinetics, Microbial metabolism and industrially important microbial metabolites, Fermentation: definition, types and applications, Isolation and screening of industrially important microorganisms and strain improvement. In module 2, Media classification and bacterial nutritional requirements, Defined vs undefined media, Fermentation broth, Designing fermentation media, Effect of pH, temperature and salt concentration in fermentation, Media optimization, Fermentation starter / starter culture and Media for identifying microorganisms. Module 3 explains about Fermentor / Bioreactor, Types of Fermenters / Bioreactors, Bioreactor control, Bioreactor instrumentation and sterilization, Mode of culturing microorganisms and Downstream processing (DSP). Module 4 deals with the scope of industrial microbiology, Immobilization of cells and Industrial use of enzymes.

Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used for various human disease and also an important role in wound healing. The present study is to investigate about the Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant activity of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. The extracts are studied against human wound and burn pathogenic bacterial stains. E. coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter species. From the phytochemical study is shows the presence of steroids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, saponins and flavonoids. Plant extracts compounds were separated by thin layer chromatography and identification based on Rf values. The presence of vitamin C play and important role of antioxidants.

Nanoparticles are particles with dimension on the range 10-9 and 10-10. Green synthesis is the new method developed for the synthesis of nanoparticles which is small in size, large surface area and eco-friendly. In India plant and tree leafs are used as medicine for the treatment of various diseases. They are rich source of antimicrobial agents. Silver, copper and zinc nanoparticles are synthesised from the leaf extract of different plants. Leaf extracts of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Pannal), Macaranga peltata (Vatta), Emilia sonchifolia (Muyal cheviyan), Tabernaemontana divericata (Nandhiar vattam) and Clerodendrum infortunatum (Peravam) are used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Leaf extract is added to the prepared stock solution of1mM silver nitrate, 100mM copper sulphate and100mM zinc sulphate. Synthesised nanoparticles were characterized by UV-VIS spectrophotometry to confirm the formation of nanoparticles. Anti-bacterial are used to treats bacterial infections. The leaf extract and silver nitrate, copper sulphate, zinc sulphate has antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of synthesised nanoparticle is determined using agar well diffusion method. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibit anti- bacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima flowers have excellent antibacterial property. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial property Caesalpinia pulcherrima flower extract against clinically isolated eye infection causing Staphylococcus auerus. The (MIC) minimum inhibitory concentration and (MBC) minimum bactericidal concentration was found to be 200 µg/ml and 400 µg/ml. Antioxidant activity, spectroscopic and phytochemical analysis of the extract was also studied. This study concludes that Caesalpinia pulcherrima can be used as a potential natural remedy to treat eye infection.

Rapid urbanization in developing countries significantly impacts the social, economic, and ecological dynamics among urban residents. Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA), endorsed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations (UN), faces criticism for its intensive production methods and safety concerns. The UPA production system in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) remains under-researched. A baseline survey conducted in 2010, involving 165 households, aimed to characterize various UPA systems in MMR, focusing on socio-economic, demographic, migratory, and production-related features. The study identified five main UPA systems: railway gardens, balcony gardens, terrace gardens, farms, and 'Tabelas'—enclosures for rearing buffaloes and cows for milk. A diverse array of vegetables, fruits, plantation crops, and flowers thrive in these systems. Notably, 79% of railway gardens were managed by migrants. Farms and railway gardens commonly used mineral fertilizers and pesticides, while balcony and terrace gardens did not. Railway gardens relied heavily on wastewater for irrigation, accounting for 98% of their water usage, while other systems used well water and tap water. Labor shortages pose challenges for UPA in MMR, but marketing channels remain well-organized. Overall, UPA systems enhance food security and employment opportunities on limited land while facilitating organic waste recycling.