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The LNCS journal Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems addresses crucial topics in computer science, focusing on data management, knowledge discovery, and processing. Since the 1990s, the Internet has driven application development across various domains, leading to a shift from centralized to decentralized data- and knowledge-management systems. This evolution supports large-scale distributed applications with high scalability. Current decentralized systems emphasize data and knowledge as primary resources, relying on peer-to-peer (P2P) techniques and agent systems for scaling and decentralized control. The synergy between Grids, P2P systems, and agent technologies is essential for effective data- and knowledge-centered systems in large-scale environments. This special issue highlights significant challenges in biomedical applications that are shaping database research, such as managing and integrating vast amounts of heterogeneous data, addressing the semantic gap between high-level research questions and low-level data, and ensuring privacy and efficiency. Contributions span various biological and medical applications, including genome-wide association studies, epidemic research, and neuroscience, showcasing the ongoing advancements in the field.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the Second International Conference on Information Technology in Bio- and Medical Informatics, ITBAM 2011, held in Toulouse, France, in August/September 2011, in conjunction with DEXA 2011. The 13 long papers and 5 short papers were carefully selected and address the following topics: decision support and data management in biomedicine; medical data mining and information retrieval; workflow management and decision support in medicine; and classification in bioinformatics. The papers show how broad the spectrum of topics in applications of information technology to biomedical engineering and medical informatics is.