The phase-specific influence of cellulose ether (CEs) on Portland cement hydration was investigated in-situ, using synchrotron X-ray diffractometry. CE-caused retardation can be traced to the polymers adsorption behaviour. The adsorption decreases in following order: silicates and their hydrates (high), sulfates (low), ettringite (zero). The retarding effect is strong on silicates, moderate on sulfates and unspecific on alluminates.
„Entropy and Energy- a Universal Competition“ is a students textbook as well as a scientific monograph. The concepts of entropy and energy embody the effects of random walk in a body and of deterministic strife respectively, and are therefore often in competition. The book gives instructive examples from elementary thermodynamics and physico-chemistry and extrapolates the notion to non-standard thermodynamic subjects like shape memory, dissipation of the earth's atmosphere, and sociology. The works of the thermodynamic pioneers are presented, in particular Clausius, Carathéodory, Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Planck. The laws of thermodynamics and their limitations are discussed; also the pertinacious Gibbs paradox. The reader has numerous possibilities to influence the programs and thus develop an understanding for the thermodynamic principles.
Experiments with rubber balloons and rubber sheets have led to surprising observations, some of them hitherto unknown or not previously described in the literature. In balloons, these phenomena are due to the non-monotonic pressure-radius characteristic which makes balloons a subject of interest to physicists engaged in stability studies. Here is a situation in which symmetry breaking and hysteresis may be studied analytically, because the stress-stretch relations of rubber - and its non-convex free energy - can be determined explicitly from the kinetic theory of rubber and from non-linear elasticity. Since rubber elasticity and the elasticity of gases are both entropy-induced, a rubber balloon represents a compromise between the entropic tendency of a gas to expand and the entropic tendency of rubber to contract. Thus rubber and rubber balloons furnish instructive paradigms of thermodynamics. This monograph treats the subject at a level appropriate for post-graduate studies.
THIS IS OFFICIAL PROMO TEXT AND BCC. THE AUTHORS HAVE OK'D IT. Rational extended thermodynamics explores the tenets of non- equilibrium thermodynamics in an efficient and systematic manner; the theory is relevant to processes with rapid changes and steep gradients. After describing the motifs, the early evolution, and the formal structure of this new branch of irreversible thermodynamics, the authors apply the theory to mon-atomic gases, mixtures of gases, relativistic gases, and gases of photons, phonons and metal electrons. The disussion brings into perspective the various phenomena called second sound and provides new insight into the role of material frame indifference under Galilean and Euclidean transformations. This new editon has been thoroughly updated and the book as a whole was revised. Much new material has been added, in particular on reacting mixtures, light scattering, radiation thermodynamics and shock wave structure. Moreover, the proximity of the theory to the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems and to the kinetic theory of gases is revealed. Thus researchers in mathematics and physics, as well as thermodynamicists, may find the book relevant to their work