Mark Ravina Books

The samurai radicals who overthrew the last shogun in 1868 vowed to restore pure Japanese traditions, raising fears among foreign observers of a potential descent into xenophobia. However, the new Meiji government took a different approach, embracing global best practices and modernizing Japan with the help of European and American advisors. This paradox of being both modern and traditional, xenophobic yet cosmopolitan, is explored through the lens of globalization. Japan's leaders aimed to highlight their uniqueness while seeking international recognition. Instead of merely imitating powers like Britain, they endeavored to create a distinctly Japanese identity, exemplified by crafting a national anthem that combined ancient poetry with Western musical styles. The Meiji Restoration was part of the global "long nineteenth century," where nation-states like Japan, Britain, and Germany challenged multi-ethnic empires. It also echoed Japan's ancient past when leaders borrowed from the Tang dynasty to build a centralized state and adopt continental advancements. In the 1800s, Japan's response to globalization mirrored its historical adaptation during the Tang threat, demonstrating that the ancient past remained relevant and influential in shaping modern Japan.