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The paper explores the growing popularity of exchange traded funds (ETFs) among investors, who often perceive them as having superior risk-performance compared to traditional index mutual funds. It analyzes the real returns of both asset classes, referencing a study by Sharifzadeh et al. (2012) that compared ETFs and index mutual funds with similar compositions. The findings reveal that neither ETFs nor index mutual funds significantly outperformed the other when assessed using the Sharpe ratio, challenging common investor assumptions about their relative advantages.

The seminar paper provides a comprehensive overview of Basel III, focusing specifically on various capital requirements such as Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. It traces the evolution from Basel I to Basel III, highlighting key developments along the way. A critical evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of Basel III is also included, enabling readers to gain a thorough understanding of the new capital requirements. By the end of the paper, readers will be equipped to independently assess the implications for the economy.

Focusing on hedging policies, this seminar paper analyzes the foundational work of Smith and Stulz (1985) and compares their findings with other research. It aims to provide readers with a fundamental understanding of hedging, highlighting the impact of factors such as taxes, debt, and managerial behavior on various hedging strategies. The paper is a valuable resource for those looking to grasp the complexities of risk management within the context of business economics.

Exploring the profitability of individual bank customers, this seminar paper provides a comprehensive overview of methods for profitability analysis. It examines sources of profitability, customer segmentation, and key ratios essential for evaluation. Additionally, it introduces important financial metrics in the field. The paper concludes with strategies for enhancing customer profitability and discreetly managing unprofitable clients, making it a valuable resource for understanding banking economics and customer management.