The paper explores the hierarchies present in Indian society, focusing on issues within family dynamics, the caste system, and gender roles. It provides an in-depth analysis of how these structures impact individuals and communities, drawing on cultural studies related to Indian literature and culture post-1947. The examination highlights the complexities and challenges faced within these societal frameworks, contributing to a broader understanding of contemporary Indian culture.
The paper explores the concept of unidirectionality in grammaticalization, primarily through Haspelmath's usage-based theory of language change. It highlights the maxim of extravagance as a key factor for irreversibility in this process. Geurts critiques this notion, arguing it is unnecessary for explaining unidirectionality. Additionally, Huelva Unternbäumen expands on Haspelmath's ideas by identifying three essential conditions that must be met for both grammaticalization and degrammaticalization to occur, providing a deeper understanding of these linguistic phenomena.
Intercultural competence is crucial for English language learning in German schools, as it fosters students' abilities for effective intercultural communication. The paper critiques current curricula for focusing predominantly on cognitive objectives while neglecting the affective and action-oriented dimensions essential for teaching culture. It emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to intercultural education, drawing on Byram's model to provide a framework for integrating all three dimensions into teaching strategies. The goal is to enhance students' empathy, respect for cultural differences, and ability to navigate intercultural interactions.