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The study focuses on the effectiveness of inserts in heat exchangers, demonstrating their ability to enhance heat transfer in turbulent flow. It highlights the significant advantages of using nanofluids over traditional heat transfer fluids, leading to improved performance. The findings aim to guide the design of cost-effective, compact heat exchangers suitable for various engineering applications, emphasizing efficiency and practicality in thermal management systems.

A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar system (or PVT system for simplicity) is a combination of the photovoltaic solar cell (PV) and solar thermal components/systems which produce both electricity and heat from one integrated component or system. In other words, PV module is utilized as a part of the thermal absorber. In the PV module, solar cells are set up as an absorber collecting solar thermal energy. When the temperature of PV module increases the electrical efficiency of PV module decreases. Cooling the PV cell to lower temperature led to increasing the output energy or power of a solar photovoltaic system . Photovoltaic thermal solar collectors are also known as hybrid solar collectors have attracted considerable attention from researchers and scientists during the last decade because of their higher efficiency and stability of performance in comparison to individual solar devices.

Enhanced convective heat transfer in a circular tube by passive techniques has been a subject of interest for scientists and researchers in the past decades. Numerical and experimental studies have been reported in order to increase the amount of heat transferred by these techniques. The high thermal conductivity of metallic nanoparticles (gold, copper, aluminum, silver) etc. to the base fluid. This resulting in increasing the thermal conductivity of mixtures and provided new fluids which are called Nanofluids, such as, Alumina (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO). Nanofluids are prepared by dispersing less than 100 nanometer-sized particles in a base fluid such as water, ethylene glycol, oil and other conventional heat transfer fluids and these types of fluids have high thermal conductivity