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The thesis explores the complexities of the international system in the 21st century, highlighting the growing interdependence among states. It examines how new foreign policy instruments and various cooperation formats—bilateral, regional, interregional, and multilateral—impact the strategies nations employ to assert their interests. The study reveals that while these evolving relationships can create advantageous situations, they also pose challenges to the negotiation and conclusion of free trade agreements (FTAs).

The paper explores the European Union's growing energy demands and its reliance on resource-rich countries, particularly Russia. It discusses the EU's strategies to enhance energy independence, focusing on diversification of energy sources and market liberalization. The analysis highlights the geopolitical implications of these strategies within the context of German foreign policy and broader European security concerns, reflecting on how effective energy management is crucial for the EU's economic stability and prosperity.

Focusing on the Spanish parliament's role during the Eurozone crisis, the paper examines the Cortes Generales' measures for scrutinizing crisis management instruments. It investigates whether the Cortes has been an active participant or merely a rule taker in the European context. The analysis begins with the function of national parliaments within the EU system, followed by a detailed exploration of the Cortes' scrutiny mechanisms and their application during the crisis, providing insights into Spain's parliamentary engagement in European governance.