Pierre Duhem was a French physicist, mathematician, historian, and philosopher of science, known for his work in chemical thermodynamics, the philosophy of science, and the history of medieval European science. He also made contributions to hydrodynamics and the theory of elasticity. Duhem's philosophy of science, detailed in 'The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory,' questioned the direct derivation of scientific theories from observations, particularly regarding Newton's law of gravitation. He emphasized that experimental evidence cannot uniquely determine the validity of a single theory, leading to the underdetermination or Duhem–Quine thesis.
This influential study, "Les origines de la statique," published in 1905-1906, revolutionized the understanding of Western intellectual history, particularly medieval science. Duhem's work opened new avenues of exploration, while contemporaneously, Bergson's "Evolution créatrice" challenged mechanistic evolution, highlighting the limitations of scientific knowledge about life processes.
Focusing on the life and contributions of Josiah Willard Gibbs, this biography by Pierre Duhem delves into the physicist's pioneering work in thermodynamics and physical chemistry. It traces Gibbs' intellectual journey, highlighting his major publications and collaborations with contemporaries. In addition to his scientific achievements, Duhem provides insights into Gibbs' personal life, including his upbringing and relationships. This comprehensive portrayal emphasizes Gibbs' lasting impact on the scientific community and our understanding of the physical world.
Focusing on the intersection of physical chemistry and philosophy, this work highlights Duhem's exploration of the historical and conceptual foundations of chemistry. He traces the ancient debate over mixtures, contrasting atomist and Aristotelian perspectives, while situating his own views within the Aristotelian framework. The text not only clarifies Duhem's contributions but also connects historical disputes to contemporary scientific issues. Written clearly and logically, it offers valuable insights into nineteenth-century thought and Duhem's philosophical stance without requiring advanced mathematical knowledge.
Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void, and the Plurality of Worlds
These selections from Le système du monde , the classic ten-volume history of the physical sciences written by the great French physicist Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), focus on cosmology, Duhem's greatest interest. By reconsidering the work of such Arab and Christian scholars as Averroes, Avicenna, Gregory of Rimini, Albert of Saxony, Nicole Oresme, Duns Scotus, and William of Occam, Duhem demonstrated the sophistication of medieval science and cosmology.