This comprehensive guide covers the principles and applications of 3D/4D ultrasound across various medical fields. It begins with foundational concepts, including modes, volume manipulation, image processing, and safety aspects. In obstetrics, it addresses fetal development in the first trimester, highlighting both normal and abnormal conditions such as abortion and ectopic pregnancies, along with screening practices. The second and third trimesters are explored, focusing on normal fetal growth, weight estimation, structural abnormalities, chromosomal issues, and syndromes. Additionally, it examines 4D ultrasound to assess fetal movements and discusses placenta and umbilical cord conditions, multiple pregnancies, and maternal complications. In gynecology, the text provides an overview of ultrasound orientation, normal pelvic anatomy, and reproductive health. It delves into uterine disorders, including abnormalities and tumors, adnexal and vaginal disorders, extragenital pelvic masses, and conditions outside the pelvis. The role of 3D ultrasound in postoperative follow-up and pelvic floor evaluation is also discussed. Finally, the section on breast ultrasound introduces 3D techniques, including hand-held and automated scanning, addressing normal anatomy, clinical applications, and tumor assessment, along with procedures for breast tumor puncture and postoperative monitoring.
