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This book presents a survey of the Collaborative Research Center SFB-TRR 141, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft since October 2014. It fosters collaboration among architects and engineers from the University of Stuttgart, biologists and physicists from the University of Freiburg, and geoscientists and evolutionary biologists from the University of Tübingen. The program emphasizes a dialogue between disciplines, grounded in the belief that biomimetic research can yield insights beyond individual capabilities. Recent decades have seen the integration of computational methods across various scientific fields, particularly in architecture, where they facilitate the geometric differentiation of building components and the creation of porous or fiber-based materials with tailored properties. Advances in simulation technologies now emphasize multi-scale models and the interaction of mechanical phenomena across hierarchical levels. In the natural sciences, a range of quantitative methods has emerged, enhancing the analysis and application of local differentiation in biomimetic design. These computational advancements enable a new level of collaboration between previously distinct scientific domains, promoting a fresh approach to biomimetic research that aims to foster sustainable development in architecture and construction.