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About 30% of all prescriptions issued in the USA, Canada and Europe contain either a herb, a purified extract or an active component derived from herbs. However, medical practitioners are often confused by conflicting information available on the safety and efficacy of herbs; herbal medicines are often co-prescribed without proper attention to adjustment of dosages. This reference guide treats the subject of herbal medicines in an integrated fashion with reference to pharmacognosy, pharmacology and toxicology. It will help to enable internists, phytotherapists, physicians, healthcare practitioners as well as students to understand why, when and how herbal medicines can be used in the treatment of diseases. Clinical and toxicological findings of herbs and their dosages are described. A great deal of pathology and therapeutic information is included. A large iconographic section can be of help when the identification of a herbal drug is in doubt. Many 2c tables as well as figures are included to clarify complex mechanisms and other information. The most important medicinal plants and drugs are illustrated with exceptional 4c plates.

Constipation is a prevalent disorder with varying definitions among patients and physicians. Clinically, it is characterized by difficult or painful bowel movements, and the perception of "normal" frequency can differ widely among individuals. This discrepancy often leads to self-treatment with over-the-counter laxatives, which can pose risks due to potential interactions with other medications. Chronic laxative use may result in serious health issues, prompting patients to seek medical attention and possibly leading to hospitalization. This scenario not only affects patient well-being but also imposes financial burdens on healthcare systems. It is crucial for healthcare professionals, including pharmacists and physicians, to educate patients about the causes of constipation and the appropriate use of laxatives. A thorough medical evaluation is necessary to rule out any underlying pathological conditions contributing to constipation. Maintaining normal bowel function often involves dietary and lifestyle adjustments. Most laxatives currently available are derived from botanical sources, highlighting the need for further research into the pharmacology and toxicology of both botanical and synthetic laxatives.