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In Europe around 1900, "mineral water" brands began to be officially registered and bottled for consumption, with groundwater rapidly becoming a primary source of drinking water. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of groundwaters from 40 European countries, based on 1785 bottled water samples representing 1189 distinct brands from 1247 wells in 884 locations, alongside 500 tap water samples collected in 2008 by EuroGeoSurveys experts. Unlike previous compilations, all chemical data were analyzed in a single laboratory under stringent quality control, resulting in a high-quality, consistent dataset. More than 70 parameters were measured using advanced analytical techniques with ultra-low detection limits. The geographical diversity of the water sources allows for a unique assessment of groundwater geochemistry across Europe, presenting a detailed overview of the natural distribution and variation of chemical elements. Most elements exhibit a wide range of concentration variation, influenced by factors such as soil, vegetation, and bottling effects. The book also compares bottled waters with European tap waters and outlines the legal framework governing bottled water in the EU, including drinking water action levels and relevant directives. An accompanying CD contains extensive datasets and previously published water chemistry data.

Soil protection is a challenge for the new Millennium. Background information on the natural and human-influenced chemical composition of soils is urgently needed. This atlas, result of the Baltic Soil Survey, shows the distribution of over 40 elements in agricultural soils from 10 countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. Topsoil (0-25 cm) and bottom soil (50-75 cm) samples from 750 sites were analysed by up to four methods giving bioavailable and total element concentrations. Geological history is one of the key factors controlling the distribution of nutrients and potentially harmful elements in soils. Either the composition of bedrock is reflected in the element concentrations, or the evolution of Quaternary sediments defines the composition of soil parent material. Climate (e. g., precipitation and temperature), input of marine aerosols, differences in local topography, age of the soil, land use changes, agricultural practice and pollution can all have an influence on the element concentrations in soils. Comparison of element levels in soils from a very large area (1,800,000 square km), collected from two sample depths and analysed with up to four analytical methods, allows a better understanding of the relative importance of a multitude of processes on the chemical composition of agricultural soils.

How large is the natural variation in concentration of the various elements in different media? How do the oft-cited „World average concentrations“ in different media compare with actual analytical data? How low a detection limit do I need to attain if I want to analyse for an element in soils, sediments, water or plants? All these questions and many more can be answered by using this unique reference book. It collates data on the most important properties and uses of all naturally occurring chemical elements. It combines these with data obtained from actual analyses of different sample media (soil, stream sediment, stream water, ground water, plants, human body fluids). This combination of facts and actual data makes this book suitable for learning and teaching applied geochemistry as well.