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Bone-marrow transplantation started as a medical response to the potential damage of radiation on the production of blood cells. In the first 40 years of its existence (about 1950-1990), bone-marrow transplantation has had virtually no role in that specific arena, in spite of extensive publicity about its role in a few nuclear accidents (e.g., Chernobyl). On the other hand, this therapy has become increasingly important for the treatment of leukemia and other blood disorders. Even for some solid tumors, this treatment had a transient (breast cancer) or a continuing role. This historical study documents how bone-marrow transplantation developed from animal studies in mice, through studies in other animals such as dogs, and primates, to the first attempts to treat patients in the late 1950's to 1960's. The use of identical-twin donors showed the. potential of the therapy, but when use of other related or unrelated donors became possible through the developments in tissue (HLA) typing, the field really took off. Most of the techniques still used today, had already been developed by 1990. The career and work of 8 physician-scientists who had a major impact on the development of the field, are highlighted.

The many adventures of the "epic" in modern times are fascinating topics in themselves. The Romantics claimed that every self-respecting nation should, at some time, have had one and they set out to reconstruct these epics for political as well as cultural reasons. Such epics represented earlier stages in the development of nation-states and in this modern world they were, for a long time, hard to appreciate. The introduction of tape recorders, however, brought the epic back in the limelight. It became fashionable for scholars to record long oral narratives, and to present them as long written poems that reflected deeply ingrained ideas. Because of this technology, the idea of the epic was revitalized. This volume presents critical analyses of epics in Sub-Saharan Africa, the former Soviet Union, South-East Asia, Medieval Europe, and America and discusses the process of revitalization, sometimes even invention, of epics in particular historical, political, and academic contexts. Jan Jansen is a member of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Leiden, Netherlands. Henk M.J. Maier is professor in the Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania of the University of Leiden, Netherlands.