Evaluation of strategies to influence the developing microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning piglets

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General concerns about the cross-resistance of pathogens to antibiotics have led to the ban of in-feed antibiotics in pig diets since January 2006. Consequently, researchers are now seeking alternatives to maintain animal health and performance while preventing post-weaning disorders in piglets, which can result in production losses for farmers. A primary objective is to understand the complex changes in the intestinal tract of piglets during weaning and to develop strategies that support a stable microbial ecosystem, preventing the overgrowth of harmful pathogens. The porcine intestinal tract hosts a diverse microbiota that significantly impacts animal health by aiding nutrient absorption, producing essential vitamins, supporting gut maturation, and enhancing immune system development. Although our understanding of these interactions is still evolving, novel molecular methods are shedding light on this relationship, particularly through the study of the 16S rRNA gene in relation to age, weaning, and diet. Despite concerns raised by human studies, the prophylactic use of antibiotics in newborn piglets remains common, with unknown effects. Meanwhile, several commercial products have emerged, showing positive impacts on beneficial microorganisms in weaning piglets, though their mechanisms are often unclear. Further research is needed to provide solutions for farmers in the post-antibiotic era. This review summarizes recent findi