Photographic and Descriptive Musculoskeletal Atlas of Bonobos

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Chimpanzees, including bonobos and common chimpanzees, are our closest living relatives, yet information on the soft tissues of bonobos is scarce, complicating discussions of human evolution. This atlas serves as the first photographic and descriptive resource on the musculoskeletal anatomy of bonobos (Pan paniscus), following the format of previous ape atlases by the same authors. It is part of a series aimed at exploring the comparative and phylogenetic contexts of soft tissue morphology in modern humans and their relatives. The atlas features high-quality photographs of musculoskeletal structures from various anatomical regions, along with textual information on muscle attachments, innervation, function, and weight. It is based on dissections of seven bonobos—adults, adolescents, infants, and fetuses, both male and female—and includes a comprehensive literature review for comparisons with common chimpanzees. This work updates our understanding of anatomical variations within chimpanzees and provides an extensive list of synonyms for the structures discussed. Additionally, it offers insights into neurovascular structures like the brachial and lumbrosacral plexuses, making it valuable for students, educators, and researchers in fields such as primatology, comparative anatomy, zoology, and physical anthropology, as well as medical professionals interested in the evolution and variations of musculoskeletal and neurovascular sys