Imaging of the Shoulder

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In diagnosing musculoskeletal diseases, high-resolution musculoskeletal ultrasound (hrMSUS or MSUS) is a precise and validated method. It allows visualization of various soft-tissue structures and can identify numerous pathologic alterations using linear scan probes with frequencies ranging from 5 MHz to 24 MHz (up to 70 MHz for examining entheses, nails, or skin). MSUS enables both dynamic real-time assessments and static evaluations, offering a multiplanar view. It is also a valuable tool for directed interventions within the musculoskeletal system. However, it has limitations, such as restricted acoustic windows, challenges in detecting issues in deep or large joints, a small field of vision, and significant operator dependence. Training can be obtained through theoretical and practical seminars, as well as individual research via books, websites, or social media. Mastery of MSUS requires high-quality ultrasound equipment and supervised examinations of both normal and abnormal cases during training. This resource focuses on standardized ultrasound examinations of the shoulder, supplemented with anatomical images from MRI, CT scans, and cadaver models, alongside a pictorial atlas of selected basic and advanced ultrasound pathologies.