The Human Machine

More about the book

INTRODUCTION: The contraction of a muscle always moves toward its center, necessitating adjustments in muscle configuration and positioning to achieve the desired motion. This results in a diverse array of muscle forms and arrangements, including variations in tendons—some muscles have double or treble tendons, while others may have none or share a tendon with multiple muscles. The shape of each muscle can vary greatly, yet the fundamental principle of contraction remains straightforward. This complexity in the muscular system mirrors the work of an artist, who utilizes materials as they are, employing skill to shape them for specific functions. For example, the mouth is designed for cutting and grinding food, a function that can be aided by mechanical devices like a millstone. In the human body, the lower jaw acts as a movable component, functioning as a lever, while the upper jaw remains stationary. The temporal muscle, which raises the lower jaw, is attached to the coronoid portion of the jaw and converges under the zygomatic arch. The lower jaw, shaped like a horseshoe, articulates with the temporal bone, and the prominent masseter muscles facilitate jaw movement, bringing teeth together for mastication. Unlike facial muscles, the temporal and masseter muscles connect immovable bones to the movable lower jaw. Additionally, the mouth serves not only for mastication but also for respiration and sound production.