The Last Pharaohs

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Focusing on the Ptolemaic dynasty, this book recontextualizes its history within both Hellenistic and ancient Egyptian frameworks, offering a fresh perspective on its governance. J. G. Manning explores how the Ptolemies implemented reforms in economic and legal structures while fostering relationships with Egyptian society, aiming to rule through collaboration rather than domination. The state is depicted as a hybrid entity, balancing Greek and Egyptian influences, and the narrative integrates recent archaeological and historical research, reshaping our understanding of Egypt's final ancient state.