Thermodynamics of biological processes

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This work explores the intersection of biological systems and thermodynamics, beginning with general problems in biological thermodynamics. It applies classical thermodynamic concepts to biology, addressing the second law, negentropy, and non-equilibrium processes. The text then delves into a qualitative phenomenological theory of organism development, supported by experimental and theoretical foundations, including stochastic considerations and an enhanced evolution criterion. Next, it presents a quantitative phenomenological theory, focusing on non-linear equations and their applications in developmental biology, including computer analyses of growth equations. The discussion of heat production in living systems examines various life processes, including microbial culture growth, oogenesis in *Xenopus laevis*, and heat production in insects and axolotls, highlighting the relationship between heat production and body weight. The text further addresses energetics in developmental processes, investigating mitochondrial changes and their role in respiration during oogenesis and regeneration. It reviews the theory of dissipative structures, distinguishing between stationary and dynamic forms, and discusses the significance of free energy in biological processes. Finally, it considers the probability states and orderliness of biological systems, exploring the origin of bacteria, evolutionary progress, and taxonomy challenges, c