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Arnold J. Toynbee

    April 14, 1889 – October 22, 1975

    Arnold J. Toynbee was a British historian best known for his monumental work, 'A Study of History.' This vast undertaking examined the rise, development, and decay of civilizations. He posited history as a grand cycle of civilizations ascending and falling, rather than focusing on nation-states or ethnic groups. Toynbee's core analysis suggests that a civilization's well-being hinges on its capacity to successfully confront challenges. His profound insights offer a unique perspective on the dynamic forces driving civilizational progress and decline.

    Arnold J. Toynbee
    Turkey
    A Study of History. Abridgement of Volumes I-VI
    A Study of History
    A Study of history. Abridgement of volumes VII-X by D.C. Somervell
    Mankind and Mother Earth
    Choose Life