World Order

In this monumental investigation, Henry Kissinger explores the 'tectonic plates' of global history and state relations. This work encapsulates his insights on history, strategy, and statecraft, examining the motivations of nations from the formation of Europe to the present. Kissinger identifies four significant 'world orders': European, Islamic, Chinese, and American. Since the end of Charlemagne's empire and particularly after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Europeans have sought balance in international affairs, first continentally and then globally. Islamic states have aimed for expansion into regions inhabited by non-believers, a stance exemplified by contemporary Iran. For over 2000 years, China has viewed its influence as paramount, with all under Heaven tributary to its Emperor. In contrast, America sees itself as a 'city on a hill', promoting universal values. Kissinger addresses how these attitudes have evolved, their historical impacts, and their interactions. He examines the balance of legitimacy and power through time and assesses their current conditions and influence on international relations. Drawing from a lifetime of historical study and experience as a statesman, Kissinger provides a compelling narrative filled with observations on historical change and leadership. This work is a masterful blend of analysis and portraits of influential historical figures.