The Civil Wars

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The narrative focuses on the tumultuous period of civil wars that plagued the Roman Republic following the Gracchi brothers' reform attempts. It details the conflicts between Sullan and Marian forces, leading to Sulla's dictatorship and subsequent political repression. The emergence of the First Triumvirate shifts power dynamics, culminating in Julius Caesar's defiance by crossing the Rubicon, which ignites a four-year civil war. Appian's work offers an objective and comprehensive overview of these events, making it a crucial resource for understanding Roman history.