Evolution of a Movement

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Despite California's reputation as an environmentally progressive state, activists have long fought for clean air, water, and healthy communities. This narrative chronicles their journey from the vibrant protests of the 1980s and 1990s to their increasing influence in the state capitol during the 2000s and 2010s. Tracy E. Perkins examines how changing political landscapes and activists' efforts to institutionalize their work within nonprofits and governmental structures have shaped the movement. Through case studies and 125 interviews with activists from Sacramento to the California-Mexico border, Perkins analyzes the environmental justice movement's successes and setbacks. She highlights a shift among some activists away from disruptive "outsider" tactics toward traditional political strategies, such as policy advocacy and electoral politics, to achieve change. While this evolution may reflect a growing sophistication within the movement, critics argue it risks diminishing grassroots power. As environmental justice scholars and activists confront urgent questions about effective strategies for meaningful change, this work offers valuable insights into the complexities of social movement institutionalization and its implications for future activism.