Byzantine Intersectionality

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This work delves into the history of marginalized identities in the medieval era, predating the term "intersectionality," which emerged in 1989. It uncovers underexplored discussions in medieval thought and visual culture regarding sexual and reproductive consent, bullying, homosocial and homoerotic relationships, and the representation of racialized minorities. The author examines these themes within the Byzantine Empire, drawing on sources from late antiquity through early modernity. By highlighting the sophisticated and surprisingly contemporary perspectives of medieval writers, philosophers, theologians, and medical practitioners, a new narrative of gender, sexuality, and race emerges. The text interlaces art, literature, and a diverse range of historical documents to explore topics such as depictions of sexual consent in Virgin Mary imagery, sexual shaming in the context of Empress Theodora, narratives of transgender monks, portrayals of same-gender desire in the Doubting Thomas story, and stereotypes surrounding gender and ethnicity exemplified by the Ethiopian Eunuch. Additionally, it references medical texts detailing procedures related to pregnancy termination and gender affirmation. By illustrating the interconnectedness of gender, sexuality, and race, this work provides a groundbreaking perspective on medieval culture.