Can integrated social protection programmes affect social cohesion?. Mixed-methods evidence from Malawi

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This paper examines the Tingathe Economic Empowerment Programme (TEEP) in Malawi, focusing on its impact on social cohesion through trust, cooperation, and inclusive identity. While lump-sum transfers showed no significant effect, financial training combined with VSL groups enhanced social cohesion. However, external shocks and jealousy towards SCT recipients hindered trust among villagers. The study highlights the need for well-designed cash programs and long-term support for VSL groups to foster social cohesion.