Economic and Ecological Optimization of the London Logistics System

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Focusing on urban last-mile delivery, this research introduces a mathematical model to optimize the allocation of autonomous vehicles (AVs) among city logistics centers. It aims to reduce operating costs, environmental impact, and social risks. The model evaluates equipment costs, delivery expenses, and CO2 emissions via social carbon cost (SCC). Additionally, it incorporates a risk assessment for seasonal variations, analyzing four delivery scenarios, including traditional vehicles and mixed methods with optimal AV allocation during pandemics.