The Civil State in John Lockes Political Philosophy and Khomeinism

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The book explores the concept of velayat-e faqih, which centralizes political and religious authority in the Shia clergy, particularly under a supreme clerical leader known as the vali-e faqih. This doctrine, rooted in Shia Islam, historically aimed to protect vulnerable populations but has evolved into a broader justification for clerical governance. It highlights the significant role of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the 1970s, who, during his exile, redefined this doctrine to advocate for Shia clerical control over the Iranian state, culminating in the 1979 Islamic Revolution.